There is no denying the importance of sleep. Everyone feels better after a good night’s sleep, and a lack of sleep can have profoundly negative effects on both the body and the brain. So, what can be done to substitute for a lack of sleep? Put another way, how can you get less sleep and still perform at your peak?

As a psychologist who studies the ways in which sleep benefits memory, I’m also interested in how sleep deprivation harms memory and cognition. After some initial research on sleep deprivation and false confessions, my students at Michigan State University’s Sleep and Learning Lab and I wanted to see what interventions could reverse the negative effects of sleep deprivation.

We found a simple answer: there is no substitute for sleep.

Sleep deprivation impairs cognition

For many years, scientists have known that sleep deprivation reduces the ability to maintain attention.

When asked to monitor a computer screen and press a button whenever a red dot appears – a pretty simple task – participants who are sleep deprived are much more likely to have lapses in attention. They don’t notice a bright red dot and fail to respond within a half-second.

These lapses in attention are due to a build-up in pressure to sleep and are more common at points in the 24-hour circadian cycle when the body expects to be sleeping.

Research investigating the effect of sleep deprivation on more complex types of thinking has shown somewhat mixed results. So my team and I sought to determine how keeping people awake for one night affected different types of thinking.

Caffeine may help you stay awake and play Candy Crush, but it most likely will not help you ace your algebra exam.

We had participants perform various cognitive tasks in the evening before we randomly assigned them to either go home and sleep, or stay awake all night in the laboratory. The participants who were permitted to sleep returned in the morning, and everyone completed the cognitive tasks again.

Along with impairments in attention, we also found that sleep deprivation led to more place-keeping errors. Place-keeping is a complex ability that involves following a series of steps in order, without skipping or repeating any of them. This would be similar to following a recipe to bake a cake from memory. You wouldn’t want to forget to add eggs or accidentally add the salt twice.

Can caffeine replace sleep?

Next, we set out to test different ways to potentially make up for a lack of sleep. What would you do if you did not sleep enough last night? Many people would reach for a cup of coffee or an energy drink.

One 2022 survey found that more than 90% of the American adults sampled consume some form of caffeine daily. We wanted to see whether caffeine would help maintain attention and avoid place-keeping errors after sleep deprivation.

Interestingly, we found that caffeine improved the ability to pay attention in sleep-deprived participants so well that their performance was similar to people who slept all night. Giving caffeine to people who had a full night’s sleep also boosted their performance.

So, caffeine helped everyone maintain attention, not just those who did not sleep. This result was not surprising, as other studies have had similar findings.

However, we found that caffeine did not reduce place-keeping errors in either the sleep-deprived group or the group that slept. This means that if you are sleep-deprived, caffeine may help you stay awake and play Candy Crush, but it most likely will not help you ace your algebra exam.

Do night naps help?

Of course, caffeine is an artificial way to replace sleep. We also reasoned that perhaps the best way to replace sleep would be with sleep. You have heard that naps during the day can boost energy and performance, so it is logical to think that a nap during the night should have a similar effect.

We gave some of our participants the opportunity to nap for either 30 or 60 minutes during an overnight deprivation period between 4am and 6am. This period roughly coincides with the lowest point of alertness in the circadian cycle.

Importantly, we found that participants who napped did no better on either the simple attention task or the more complex place-keeping task than those who stayed up all night. Thus, a nap in the middle of the night had no discernible benefits to cognitive performance during the morning after a night of overall sleep deprivation.

Get your sleep

Though caffeine may help you stay awake and feel more alert, it most likely won’t help you with tasks that require complex thought. And though a short nap may make you feel better on nights that you need to stay awake, it probably won’t help your performance.

In short, sufficient sleep is essential to your mind and brain, and there is simply no substitute for sleep. DM

First published by The Conversation.

Kimberly Fenn is a professor of psychology at Michigan State University in the US.

This story first appeared in our weekly Daily Maverick 168 newspaper, which is available countrywide for R29.