Editors’ note to readers: The automated sound device that accompanies articles in the Daily Maverick is to assist readers who are blind or have reading difficulties. It is not designed for poetry. Where possible, we advise you to read the poems rather than listen.

Appropriated by missionaries to mean hymn, Difela (the singular is Sefela) were created by migrants, especially Basotho migrants, to capture their individual as well as collective journeys to and from the mines.

They are a form of praise poem, using direct speech, focussed description, humour, historical referencing and incantations about struggle and survival. Through these complex poetic means, the life and travail of a migrant is reconstructed. Against a background of poverty, systemic violence and arduous labour, an integrated self-image and shared community history is sustained.

Very little is known about Teboho Raboko, the author of the extracts below, other than that he was a farmer who spent much of his life working in the mines. The text was initially gathered, recorded and transcribed by Makali I.P. Mokitimi.

Makali I.P.Mokitimi, David Coplan and others have written extensively about the poetry of Basotho migrants.

Teboho Rabako’s original Sefela appeared in Lifela Tsa Litsamaea-naha Poetry – a Literary Analysis: Sesotho Folklore, by Makali I.P. Mokitimi, Van Schaik Publishers, 1998.

The English translation of the Sefela appeared in Stitching a Whirlwind: an anthology of Southern African poems and translations and is reprinted by kind permission of Oxford University Press South Africa, 2019.

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Travelling Hymn: Extracts

Teboho Raboko

Hail, Thin Death, Bull of Raboko.
Death crossed the waters on ships,
it eloped from Russia.
It eloped with those flaking Russian ships,
it eloped with the bottle they closed it in,
it entered Maseru, Place-of-Red-Sandstone.
It arrived in the middle of the afternoon
when women were taking their three-legged pots from the fire
the cooking pots with fermented porridge for the evening.
The Xhosa named it Killing-Everybody.
The Basotho say it is Lying-on-Your-Back-Illness,
young unmarried women die with their breasts bared,
men die with their chests bared.
You can imagine how cruel this is.

…

It comes from Phaale, this cow of home,
it comes from Phaale Ha-Motaemane.
It comes from Nonkokolosa,
it comes from Marotobolosa,
it comes from Nonthoboro,
it comes from Namalibuletse.
it comes from big cities only,
where all the men are patients,
and all the women are patients,
even the babies are patients,
their voices sound as if they are speaking with divining calabashes.

Translated from Sesotho by Tšepiso Mothibi and Antjie Krog 

Sefela

Teboho Raboko

Lumela moo lefu lesesane khomo ea Raboko.
Lefu le ts’etse ka likepe metsing,
Le thoba Rashea.
Le thoba Rashea likepeng koana,
Le thoba botlolong ba le koaletse,
Le kene Maseru Mejametalana.
Paka mots’eare-oa-mantsiboea
Ha basali ba ts’ola liqhaqhabola
Ba ts’ola metoho ea mantsiboea
Maqhotsa a na a re ke bolala sonke.
Basotho ba re ke mokakallane,
Thope li ne li sale li ngannge matsoele,
Banna ba ne ba shoe ba ngannge lifuba.
U ka bona e ne e le sehloho.

…

E tsoa Phaale khomo ena eso,
E tsoa Phaale ha Motaemane koana,
E hlaha koana Nonkokolosa,
E tsoa Marotobolosa,
E tsoa Nonthoboro,
E itsoela koana Namalibuletse.
Metseng e meholo feela,
Moo banna ba teng e leng Baloetsi,
Le basali ba teng e leng Baloetsi,
Bana ba teng ba hlaha e le Baloetsi,
Ke batho ba buang ka lihoana.

DM/MC/ML